You will possibly see these terms in tutorials so it will benefit you to familiarize with these as well! Except with the 'Palette' at the right. I usually refer those as 'Panels' so Navigator/Info panel, Layer panel, and Colour panel. As you can tell that's what Photoshop looked like back in the day lmao so it's a bit outdated.
CS6/CC Workspace. Still relatively similar to the Workspace in the first image, however in CS6/CC you can change the appearance of your Workspace (click the image and it will direct you to a website with the tutorial + where I got the image). This feature is not limited to CS6/CC and should apply to most current PS programs. Sorry about the size of the image btw! orz