I got mine to appear when I went to the cliff near the Shee Vaneer Shrine (Dueling Peaks. Need warm doublet or flameblade/fire rod equipped or any level 1 cold protection).
When you're up there, try facing east in the direction of Hateno Tower and wait from 9 pm to 2 am. When you see a falling star, take out your scope then watch where it falls. It will emit a bright light so it's easier to keep track, then mark/pin it down. Glide, run and try to go for it before 5 am passes. You can teleport if there is shrine near where it lands. I'm not sure if it really helps but when I need to go star fragment farming, I'll try to make sure to sleep until morning then sleep again until night time then teleport to Shee Vaneer. Since it is night, I'm pretty sure you'll be ambushed by stalkoblins. Just bomb them off the cliff lol.