That is quite interesting. Yeah, there are numerous cases where one country is responsible for the problems coming from another. The ideas behind Holocaust, believe it or not, trace all the way back to slavery in the United States. Hitler got his ideas from American nationalism, which especially got more aggressive after the Civil War, which was started because of slavery. Who started World War II? Hitler may have done it, but if you look in the long term, it was the allies from World War I that should hold responsibility. But, they were this harsh because of how Germany went during World War I, which Serbia started in the first place.
As time goes on, a country's role in a historical matter can become muddled, but there are still some countries in which foreign policy I can say came back to bite the United States, some of which I've discussed with my friends recently on Discord:
- Japan. President Millard Fillmore and his Secretary of State, Daniel Webster, sent Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, a widely respected Navy general from the Mexican-American War, in 1852 to force Japan to open up to trade with the US and other Western nations, ending the policy of "sakoku", or self-imposed isolation, that Japan had been in since 1639. The Tokugawa shogunate, which was in power when Japan was still a feudalistic society (Japan was literally the world's last feudal nation, as feudalism had been done away with in Europe long before the nineteenth century) was suspicious of Western nations (trade was limited to just being with China, Korea, and the Netherlands, with little trade done with the Dutch at the port of Dejima in Nagasaki as the Dutch promised not to send Christian missionaries to Japan) due to word-of-mouth intellect of events such as the Spanish conquest of the Philippines and there was also massive distrust for Christianity as a religion. In mid-1853, Perry arrived in what is now Tokyo Bay and threatened to attack Edo with the so-called "black ships" (a term still used for unwelcome foreign objects in Japan) he brought from when he had departed the coast of southeastern Virginia. The Japanese, while not showing hostility in a militant manner to Matthew C. Perry, understandably did not want to open up to the West due to their past experiences, but given Perry's threats, the Japanese felt they had no choice. Ultimately, Emperor Komei and other Japanese leaders gave into Matthew C. Perry's demands, and Perry returned to Japan a year later, meeting with Japan's leaders in Kanagawa and signing the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854. This treaty, along with the subsequent Harris Treaty in 1858, were so-called "unequal treaties" (because they were always unequal) that basically gave the Americans unrestricted access to Japanese ports, and Japan ultimately ended up signing similar treaties with European nations as well, given the gunboat diplomacy at the time (which, unsurprisingly, when Perry arrived on Japanese shores, this had already instilled fears in the Japanese, as they had heard about what China had to deal with in regards to the British with the First Opium War of 1839-1842). Japan remarkably had stability politically before isolation ended, but once it did so in 1853, Japan essentially went into both political and economic chaos in the 1850s and 1860s because it was ultimately too much for its economy and society to handle. Numerous feudal leaders were attacked and even assassinated during this time, and for example, due to this continued hostility against foreigners, the British legation in Edo was attacked in 1861. This crisis in Japan only ended with the Meiji Restoration in 1868 (Meiji was the son of Emperor Komei, who took over the year before, in 1867, after Komei's death) and with the victory the Japanese empire ultimately had in the Boshin War of 1868 and 1869. Of course, after its formation in 1868, the Empire of Japan would prove to be an aggressively expansionist country, learning from the Western models (with how imperialism was so commonplace back during the nineteenth century), with Japan seizing control of Taiwan by 1895, Korea by 1910, and then, of course, Japan took over Manchuria in northeastern China in 1931 and then China and Japan would wind up in a full scale war with one another, the Second Sino-Japanese War, in 1937, which folded into World War II after Japan then bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in 1941. I'll admit that I ended up rambling far more than I intended about this segment of Japanese history, but there was a clear way that the United States shaped it with Matthew C. Perry's actions back in 1853 and 1854, and while it was nearly nine decades later, it seemed to backfire on the United States once Pearl Harbor was attacked, which of course, President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared it to be a day that would live in infamy, and it was the worst attack the US experienced on its own soil until when 9/11 happened in 2001.
- Cuba. First of all, the United States had long since, for decades, had a desire to extract resources, or even annex, Cuba due to the fact that it always produced so much tobacco. (Even today, Cuban cigars are considered some of the world's best) What would happen was this-the USS Maine was sent to the harbor of Havana in 1898 to protect US interests in Cuba while it was trying to gain independence from Spain (something that the US government covertly supported under the administration of then-President William McKinley, and his predecessor, Grover Cleveland before him). A month after its arrival, the Maine sank, which the Spanish government immediately was accused the American public of causing its sinking and it ultimately led the McKinley administration to get Congress to declare war on Spain. The war, of course, led to an American victory, and Spain ceded to the United States Puerto Rico as well as the Philippines and other colonies it had in the Pacific Ocean, and Cuba was granted independence as well, although Cuba would remain occupied by the US until four years later in 1902, after McKinley was assassinated and his vice president, Theodore Roosevelt, became president. Nevertheless, the United States government strongly supported Cuba's governments, which was actually a democracy (albeit a troubled one after a coup in 1933) all the way until half a century later in 1952, when Fulgencio Batista, outraged over a presidential election loss that year, seized power in a coup d'état. Unsurprisingly, many Cubans were unhappy with Batista's undemocratic rise to power, but due to Cold War policies of the time where dictators that were capitalist were supported by the United States government no matter what, President Harry Truman still supported Batista's government nonetheless, which continued under his successor, Dwight D. Eisenhower. Anyways, unhappiness with Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship ultimately led to the Cuban Revolution starting in under a year and a half after Batista's coup, and indeed, it would drag on until 1959 when Fidel Castro ended up seizing power from the revolution and Cuba became communist. In the waning days of the Eisenhower administration before President Eisenhower was set to be succeeded in office by John F. Kennedy, the Eisenhower administration broke off diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961 (they wouldn't be restarted until Barack Obama did so in 2015), and then, of course, embargoes were also placed on Cuba between 1958 and 1962 by both the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations, which are still in place today. These tensions, of course, would be exacerbated in 1962 when John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khruschev faced off with one another in the Cuban Missile Crisis. Although Obama restarted diplomatic relations with Cuba in 2015, and the following year, became the first president to visit Cuba in eighty-eight years, since Calvin Coolidge in 1928, the embargo remains in effect, and since Barack Obama left office and was succeeded by Donald Trump, the Trump administration has actually increased the embargo, and Trump has also tightened travel restrictions for Americans to visit Cuba that had been loosened in the Obama era.
- Iran. Considering how it hasn't even been five full months since Qasem Soleimani was assassinated by the Donald Trump administration, this is a pretty relevant country to bring up in the matter. While I'll admit that the United States sort of got forced to support Iran decades ago, when its dynasty was still in power (it really started when the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, back during World War II in 1941, went in and did an invasion of the country under the leaderships of Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin, because the shah Iran had at the time, Reza Shah, was seen as too friendly to the fascist government that Germany had at the time under Adolf Hitler. The British and Soviets, after invading Iran, forced Reza to abdicate, and his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, took power on the throne. The British had heavy control of the Iranian oil industry, but after Mohammad Mosaddegh became Iran's prime minister in 1951, this was challenged. Just two years later, in 1953, Churchill and Dwight D. Eisenhower would have the UK and US governments support a coup in Iran that deposed Mosaddegh, and within a year, by 1954, foreign-owned oil firms, which were British and American-run, began extracting Iranian oil once again. However, the son of Reza Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who took over after his father's abdication in 1941, was known to be a brutal dictator in Iran, and thus was unsurprisingly extremely unpopular with the Iranian public. After nearly four decade's as Iran's dictator, by 1978, protests in Tehran began taking place against his rule, and in the Iranian Revolution, his government was overthrown by early 1979. This resulted in the 1979 oil crisis, a second oil crisis the world had to deal with in the 1970s after one had happened in 1973 and 1974 due to United States support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War. High inflation in the US brought President Jimmy Carter's approval ratings plummeting. On top of this, merely months later, officials at the US embassy in Tehran would be held hostage by November 1979 by Iranian college students who were sympathetic to Ayatollah Khomeini who had risen to power in the shah's place in Iran, and ultimately the high inflation and hostage crisis together brought the end of the Carter administration-Jimmy Carter lost re-election in the 1980 election, and in a landslide, to Ronald Reagan. It was the first time an incumbent president had lost re-election since Herbert Hoover had lost re-election to Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 (Gerald Ford was an incumbent president that had lost to Carter just four years earlier in 1976, but Ford was never elected, as he had been appointed vice president by Richard Nixon after Spiro Agnew's resignation from a tax evasion scandal from when he was Governor of Maryland from 1967 to 1969, and so Agnew resigned in 1973 and then Nixon appointed Ford as vice president in his place, and then, several months later, in mid-1974, Nixon himself became the first, and only thus far, president in history to resign and Ford ended up being the only unelected president, losing his bid for a term in his own right in the 1976 election to Jimmy Carter). Minutes after Reagan was inaugurated president at the beginning of 1981, the Iranian government released the hostages, but Iran is still an American adversary. The Reagan administration would later find itself imperiled by Iranian matters because of the Iran-Contra affair, in which from 1985 to 1987, various revelations were revealed causing a scandal for the administration in which it was revealed that the ban on sales of weapons to Iran-which had been enacted by the Carter administration in 1979-were still in place, all so members of Ronald Reagan's Cabinet could use these funds to assist the Contras in Nicaragua, an anti-socialist and anti-communist group in Nicaragua fighting against the Sandinistas during the Nicaraguan Revolution. This was also a violation of the Boland Amendment, an act passed by Congress authored by Congressman Edward Boland of Massachusetts which passed in 1982 stating that the United States government could no longer fund Nicaragua's Contras. In more recent times, things with Iran seemed to get better when the Barack Obama administration in 2015 worked with China, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Russia on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, which built upon a plan from 2013 to get the Iranian government to stop the development of some of its nuclear weapons in exchange for reduced sanctions on the country, but in 2018, Donald Trump pulled us out of the agreement. Since then, in just over the last year under the Trump administration, we have seen numerous tensions build up with Iran again in the Persian Gulf region, to the point that there have been fears of an Iranian-US war. The Iranian military attacked the US embassy in Baghdad, Iraq, on New Year's Eve 2019, and then just three days later, as seeming revenge (although it's been widely described as a way to distract from his impeachment), Donald Trump got Qasem Soleimani, one of Iran's top generals, assassinated. In my opinion, while Soleimani was an awful man, the need to kill him seems very nebulous at best to me.
I did not mean to ramble so much and I apologize for all of these walls of texts, but it's clear why some people could be upset about United States foreign policy, especially when we have made questionable moves dating all the way back to the
nineteenth century. However, these things have gotten attention in recent years-for example, the 150th anniversary marking Matthew C. Perry's arrival in Tokyo Bay in 1853 was in 2003, which came just merely months after the administration of George W. Bush led the United States to invade Iraq-a war that the US would be dragged into for
years and was seen as another one in which there was no clear direction, much like the Vietnam War under John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard Nixon (largely worsened by the fact that both the Johnson and Nixon administrations escalated our role there). While it may be hard to necessarily say that the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854 was the reason that the Attack on Pearl Harbor happened eighty-seven years later in 1941, and it's not a view that I 100% espouse (what largely caused Pearl Harbor was the fact that Japan had been heavily expanding into China and Vietnam, and the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt had put embargoes on Japan for this, which made the Japanese mad as Japan has few natural resources of its own, and it needed American materials for these invasions into China, Vietnam, and elsewhere), it's just that Japan literally saw expansion only a decade and a half after Perry arrived as the only way for the country to survive, essentially "we conquer, or be conquered". That mentality would be what caused Pearl Harbor decades down the line, and like I touched upon earlier, that doesn't even get into Japanese atrocities in China, Korea, and elsewhere in Asia. Where things do get murky about Matthew C. Perry's voyage to Japan and his demands to make Japan open up to the United States and the West is that it's unclear which demands were those of the president that sent him-Millard Fillmore-and those that were his own. I think at the end of the day, with how Japan is a high-tech, advanced society and is a US ally, Japan ultimately benefited in the long-run for Perry's actions, but it took a
long time to make that happen-and in the earlier decades, things weren't so great for sure. Japan also wouldn't become a US ally, either, until 1960, when Dwight D. Eisenhower and Japan's then-prime minister, Nobusuke Kishi (the grandfather of the current prime minister, Shinzo Abe) signed the security treaty in Washington, D.C. Also, unlike Japan,
Cuba and Iran are not United States allies, in fact, they could be described as quite the opposite now even if they once were, especially Iran. Indeed, speaking of the seeming "gunboat diplomacy" that was used to describe George W. Bush's invasion of Iraq back in 2003, just a year before that, in the 2002 State of the Union Address, Bush described both Cuba and Iran as being part of the "axis of evil"-that statement is honestly
very telling. Granted, Bush made this statement just
four months after 9/11, but still, it almost came off as that the Bush administration
wanted adversarial relations with these countries. Actually, Iraq had already been bombed by the administration of Bill Clinton in 1998 (following the Gulf War that happened under George W. Bush's father, George H.W. Bush, in 1990 and 1991 following an Iraqi invasion of Kuwait) in what was criticized as a way for Clinton to distract from the negative attention he had gotten for becoming only the second president in history (after Andrew Johnson) to be impeached, due to his lying about his extramarital affair while in office with Monica Lewinsky-not dissimilar to how Qasem Soleimani, again a top Iranian general, was assassinated by the Donald Trump administration not long after Trump himself got impeached.